I have been intrigued by the question of the material body and what might animate it. Is everything able to be explained by physics and chemistry, or is there something more? It seems to me that this has been THE fundamental question of religions and philosophies over the past few millennia.
Clockwork?
Let’s pretend the universe is made up of matter, anti-matter, energy and the various sub-atomic entities however we might characterise them. These are subject to the laws of the universe as we understand them. If we know the trajectory of atoms etc at any point in the past, we can trace their future activity in accordance with these laws.
Which is great. Until you consider that people are made of atoms. And that people are supposed to have free will! Their actions, thoughts, deeds, are not inevitable and governed by the universe. Whoops…
Not-clockwork?
My way of thinking about the question is this: If we are made of atoms, AND we have free will, then something must be acting on those atoms to push them in a direction they would not otherwise have gone. A little atom is going about its business moving from one spot to another, and a ‘force’ acts on it to push it in a direction other than that which is accounted for by the laws of physics as we understand them.
Perhaps it is not quite like that. Perhaps whatever this action is, is acting on the probabilistic events of subatomic physics to rig the roulette wheel of chance. Or perhaps we are enabled to select which probabilistic event we prefer, after the fact. Perhaps the whole deal happens at a different level, one that we know nothing about yet, and the atoms and so on just act in response to what is going on in that unknown place, in respose to that unknown something. One way out is to suggest that complexity produces its own means of escaping the physics trap - I think this is called emergentism.
Life, the universe, and everything
What is the unknown something? Plato, according to the first website below, called it ‘life’. One might consider ‘life’ an additional force, but one over which we have control (somehow - don’t ask me!). Otherwise we are left with us being moral-less robots, unable to be held accountable for our actions, helpless against the forces of the universe - in fact just being bit-part players in some great universal performance which is entirely pre-determined. This is not the way we usually like to think of ourselves!
The way in which we answer this question, I suspect, determines the kind of society we have. There are all sorts of distinctions that can be made from which different social forms can emerge. We can have things like the soul, spirit, god/s, love as the transcending force (maybe), science. These can be differently formulated and differently weighted in different societies. We can have things like materialism and monism, dualism and spiritualism as top level concepts. It seems likely that the way we deal with this question informs just about everything else.
Our current answer appears to tend towards materialism. I suspect we need an answer to this question that is a bit more satisfying than that. But, if the answer is materialism, we need to know how to properly deal with the consequences. I suppose we just have to live within our ‘human’ reality, and kind of forget about the somewhat embarrassing mechanics of it all.
A trick
Oh, and a little trick. If you prefer the materialist, pre-determined answer, how can you be confident that it is correct? After all, you were always going to think that was the right answer. You’ve no choice in the matter.
Some resources
A nice entry explaining some of the points is at http://www.deathreference.com/Me-Nu/Mind-Body-Problem.html. Macabre blog title, but a pretty good entry on dualism and monism. Other key words in the field include vitalism, emergentism, materialism, determinism, spirit, soul, anima.
See also http://science.jrank.org/pages/49250/materialism-vitalism.html
A relevant Bible quote is:
Genesis 2:7 - And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.



